Probabilistic Analysis of Electric Energy Systems

Description

Stochastic processes: Basic principles, Markov and Poisson processes, renewal processes, Kalman filters. Monte-Carlo simulation: Basic principles, random numbers, numerical methods, application in energy systems, reliability analysis of power systems. Preventive maintenance, control and renewal: General, unrevealed failures, criteria for maintenance procedures, minimization of maintenance cost, maximization of availability, optimization of control periods, various types of maintenance procedures, calculation of system availability considering unrevealed failures, examples. Probabilistic Load Flow: general, deterministic load flow equations, probabilistic modeling of input variables, probabilistic load flow algorithms, D.C. load flow, A.C. load flow formulations, decoupled load flow equations, stochastic load flow, probabilistic load flow in distribution systems with dispersed energy resources, practical applications.

Fast Electromagnetic Phenomena in Power Systems

Description

Transient behavior of transmission line, traveling wave equations in transmission lines. Lossless transmission line. Traveling wave energy. Heaviside transmission line (distortionless). Bewley and Bergeron models. Line terminations.
Initial wave. Equations in nodes (points of change of Zc. Thevenin equivalent of transmission line. Bewley’s method in successive line segments. Multiple nodes. General line termination (for step voltage function). Capacitive termination. Inductive termination. Short-circuited line: ZT = 0.
Lightning strikes in transmission lines. Earthing wires, Lightning strike on a tower (or an earthing wire). Counterpoises. Annual line breakdown probability. Over-voltages through transformers: Capacitive and electromagnetic transmission of over-voltages.
Operating Over-voltages in transmission lines. Energization and re-energization of a transmission line. Energization and re-energization via coupling resistors. Disconnection of a transmission line. Cable capacitive current interruption. Interruption of reactor loaded or transformer loaded transmission line. Resonances due to line interruption. Open circuit conditions. Single-phase open circuit. Two-phase open-circuit. Implementation of Sequence circuits.
Short-circuit interruption. Single-phase fault nearby busbars. Single-phase fault in the distant end of a line. Cable interruption. Short line fault. Transient over-voltage calculation methods. The computer program EMTP – electric system component models.

Power Quality

Description

Definitions, Dips, short voltage interruption, voltage fluctuations, flickering, voltage swells, voltage spikes and transients, harmonics and inter-harmonics, phase unbalance.
Standards ΕΝ50160, Equipment invulnerability limits, Specifications of Voltage dip measuring devices.
Power Quality improving devices: Shunt and serial compensators, UPS, Voltage regulators, Solid state circuit breakers, Surge Suppressors, Active and Passive filters,etc.
Quality of power provided to consumers, Types of Consumers, Requirements, Deviations from Permissible limits, Reasons and Consequences, Power Supply Reliability, Consumer Reliability Indices, Reliability Cost, Power Quality in Competitive Electric Energy Market, Responsibility of Power Utilities, Damage Compensation to Consumers.